Methods of Treatment of Heart Failure With Natriuretic Peptides

ABSTRACT

Methods of treating heart failure, or decreasing blood pressure, comprising administering an NP at an appropriate does, or in an amount sufficient to provide particular concentrations of NP, are provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Application Ser. No. 13/284,529, filed Oct. 28, 2011, which claims the benefit of provisional applications U.S. Ser. No. 61/408,320, filed Oct. 29, 2010, and U.S. Ser. No. 61/440,154, filed Feb. 7, 2011, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND

Heart failure may be chronic or acute. Chronic heart failure may involve a decrease in heart function over time. In this situation, a chronic heart failure patient may suffer from acute heart failure. Acute heart failure may also have other causes, such as trauma or disease. One type of acute heart failure, acute decompensated heart failure (“ADHF”), may be a cause of acute respiratory distress. Current methods for treating heart failure using conventional drugs seek to reduce elevated cardiac filling pressures and increase renal excretion of sodium and water. However, current methods have serious shortcomings. Particularly, when reducing elevated cardiac filling pressures, current methods fail to maintain adequate systemic blood pressure. Thus, current methods may cause a patient to experience potentially dangerous hypotension. In addition, when increasing renal excretion of sodium and water, current methods may cause a decrease in renal function or renal failure.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, methods of treating heart failure, or lowering blood pressure, in a patient by administering natriuretic peptides are provided. In another aspect, methods of administering natriuretic peptides with reduced incidents of hypotension are also provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1F are drawings showing the structures of representative NP's.

FIGS. 2A-2C are graphs depicting data from an exemplary human clinical study.

FIGS. 3A-3C are graphs depicting data from an exemplary maximum tolerated dose human clinical study.

FIGS. 4A-4B are graphs depicting data from an exemplary hemodynamic monitoring human clinical study;

FIGS. 5A-5B are graphs depicting data from an exemplary hemodynamic monitoring human clinical study.

FIG. 6 is a graph depicting data from an exemplary hemodynamic monitoring human clinical study.

FIGS. 7A-7B are graphs depicting data from an exemplary pilot human clinical Study.

FIGS. 8A-8C are graphs depicting data from an exemplary pilot human clinical study.

FIG. 9 is a chart depicting data from an exemplary pilot human clinical study.

FIGS. 10A-10B are graphs depicting data from an exemplary pilot clinical study.

FIG. 11 is a graph depicting data from an exemplary weight-based clinical study.

FIG. 12 is a graph depicting data from an exemplary weight-based human clinical study.

FIG. 13 is a chart depicting data from an exemplary weight-based human clinical study.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A natriuretic peptide (NP) may be obtained by any method known in the art. Such methods are described in, for example, Lisy, Ondrej et al., Design, Synthesis, and Actions of a Novel Chimeric Natriuretic Peptide: CD-NP, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 52(1) 60-68 (2008) (the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,211 (the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference).

In one aspect, a natriuretic peptide (NP) may be an agonist of natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPRA). In another aspect, an NP may be an agonist of natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPRB). In yet another aspect, an NP may be an agonist of a glucocorticoid receptor (GCR). In a further aspect, an NP may have the sequence of SEQ ID NO. : 2. In an additional aspect, an NP may be a polypeptide. In still another aspect, an NP may increase the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the body. Without wishing to be bound by theory, cGMP is thought to have multiple clinical effects, including a) blood vessel wall relaxation and potential blood pressure reduction, b) increased natriuresis through direct action on kidney tubules, c) prevention of cardiac fibroblast proliferation and d) lusitropic effect on the heart.

Examples of NP's include cenderitide (CD-NP), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), BD-NP, urodilatin, and CU NP. CD-NP, a representative NP, possesses the ring structure of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and the C-terminus of Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (DNP). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,211 (the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference) at FIGS. 1, 4B, and 4C and the description and explanation of those Figures.

An NP can be, for example, an isolated and purified peptide fragment of Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (SEQ ID NO:10), wherein the N-terminus of the peptide fragment does not include the sequence Glu-Val-Lys-Tyr-Asp-Pro-Cys-Phe-Gly-His-Lys-Ile-Asp-Arg-Ile-Asn-His-Val-Ser-Asn-Leu-Gly (SEQ ID NO:11), and wherein said peptide fragment has a biological activity selected from the group consisting of vasodilation, natriuresis diuresis and renin suppression.

An NP can be administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable delivery vehicle including, but not limit to, solution, suspension, syrup, powder, tablet, capsule, implant, patch, gel, or implant.

An NP could also be, for example, a peptide compound of the formula (H)-Pro-Ser-Leu-Arg-Asp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Asn-Ala-Pro-Ser-Thr-Ser-Ala-(R) (SEQ ID NO:3), wherein R is OH, NH₂, NHR³ or N(R³)(R⁴), wherein R³ and R⁴ are independently phenyl or (C₁-C₄)alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a peptide compound of the formula (H)-Ser-Pro-Lys-Met-Val-Gln-Gly-Ser-Gly-Cys-Phe-Gly-Arg-Lys-Met-Asp-Arg-II e-Ser-Ser-Ser-Ser-Gly-Leu-Gly-Cys-Pro-Ser-Leu-Arg-Asp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Asn-Ala-Pro-Ser-Thr-Ser-Ala-(R) (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein R is OH, NH₂, NHR³ or N(R³)(R⁴), wherein R³ and R⁴ are independently phenyl or (Ci-C₄)alkyl; wherein the two Cys residues are connected by a disulfide bond; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and/or a peptide compound of the formula: (H)-Gly-Leu-Ser-Lys-Gly-Cys-Phe-Gly-Leu-Lys-Asp-Arg-Ile-Gly-Ser-Met-Ser-Gly-Leu-Gly-Cys-Pro-Ser-Leu-Arg-Asp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Asn-Ala-Pro-Ser-Thr-Ser-Ala-(R) (SEQ ID NO:2), wherein R is OH, NH₂, NHR³ or N(R³)(R⁴), wherein R³ and R⁴ are independently phenyl or (C₁-C4)alkyl; wherein the two Cys residues are connected by a disulfide bond; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

An NP could be, for example, a compound of formula (I):

X₀-Pro-X₁-A₅-A₁-A₃-Pro-A₁-Pro-A₁-A₅-Pro-X₁-X₁-X₁-A₄-X₂   Formula (I)

wherein A₁ is Leu, Lys, Arg, His, Orn, Asn or Gln; A3 is Asp or Glu; A4 is Lys, Arg, Orn, Ala, Thr, Asn, or Gln; A₅ is Gly, Ala, Val, Met, Leu, Norleucine or Ile; X₂ is absent or is a peptide of from 1 to 35 amino acid residues; X₁ is Ser or Thr; X₀ is absent or is a peptide of from 1 to 35 amino acid residues; wherein X₀ is not Glu-Val-Lys-Tyr-Asp-Pro-Cys-Phe-Gly-His-Lys-Ile-Asp-Arg-Ile-Asn-His-Val-Ser-Asn-Leu-Gly-Cys (SEQ ID NO:11); and wherein the compound is not SEQ ID NO:1; wherein X₀ could be a peptide of from 1 to 25 amino acid residues, an amino acid sequence from the N-terminus of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), SEQ ID NO:7, an amino acid sequence from the N-terminus of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), or SEQ ID NO:8.

An NP could also be, for example, a compound which comprises a variant of SEQ ID NO:3, wherein the variant has one or more amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of Pro to Gly; Ser to Thr; Thr to Ser; Arg to Lys, Gln or Asn; Ala to Val, Ile, or Leu; Leu to Nor, Ile, Val, Met, Ala, or Phe; Asp to Glu; and Asn to Gln, His, Lys or Arg or a compound which comprises a variant of SEQ ID NO:3, wherein the variant has one or more amino acid substitutions selected from the group consisting of Ser to Thr; Thr to Ser; Arg to Lys, Gln or Asn; Ala to Val, Ile, or Leu; Leu to Nor, Ile, Val, Met, Ala, or Phe; Asp to Glu; and Asn to Gln, His, Lys or Arg optionally having a heterologous peptide at the amino-terminus of the variant peptide selected from brain natriuretic peptide, SEQ ID NO: 7, C-type natriuretic peptide, SEQ ID NO:8, and further, optionally, has a biological activity selected from the group consisting of vasodilation, natriuresis, diuresis and renin suppression.

An NP could also, for example, be a compound of Formula (II):

X₀-Pro-X₁-A₅-A₁-A₃-Pro-Ai-Pro-A₁-A₅-Pro-X₁-X₁-X₁-A4-X2   Formula (II)

wherein A₁ is Leu, Lys, Arg, His, Orn, Asn or Gln; A3 is Asp or Glu; A₄ is Lys, Arg, Orn, Ala, Thr, Asn, or Gln; As is Gly, Ala, Val, Met, Leu, Norleucine or Ile; X₂ is absent or is peptide of from 1 to 35 amino acid residues; X₁ is Ser or Thr; X₀ is absent or is a peptide of from 1 to 35 amino acid residues; wherein X₀ is not Glu-Val-Lys-Tyr-Asp-Pro-Cys-Phe-Gly-His-Lys-Ile-Asp-Arg-Ile-Asn-His-Val-Ser-Asn-Leu-Gly-Cys (SEQ ID NO:11); wherein the compound is not SEQ ID NO: 1, and wherein the compound has a biological activity selected from the group consisting of vasodilation, natriuresis, diuresis and renin suppression, wherein Xo could be, for example, a peptide of from 1 to 25 amino acid residues, an amino acid sequence from the N-terminus of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), SEQ ID NO:7, an amino acid sequence from the N-terminus of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), SEQ ID NO:8.

An NP could also be, for example, a natriuretic polypeptide comprising the sequence of amino acids 24-34 of SEQ ID NO: 10, wherein the polypeptide further comprises a disulfide ring structure; wherein the polypeptide does not have the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1; and wherein the polypeptide or fragment thereof has a biological activity selected from the group consisting of vasodilation, natriuresis, diuresis, and renin suppression, wherein, for example, the disulfide ring structure is at least 17 amino acids in length that comprises, for example, a disulfide bond between cysteine residues at positions 1 and 17 of the disulfide ring, wherein, for example, the disulfide ring structure comprises the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:8.

FIGS. 1A-1F show the structures of representative NPs, which have many similar structural features. For example the representative NP's each have a 17 amino acid loop structure. This AA sequence in the loop is structurally similar among the representative NP' s in FIGS. 1A-1F.

One or more NPs may be used to treat patients with chronic heart failure or acute heart failure, including acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). The terms “treat” or “treatment,” in reference to NPs, including, for example, CD-NP, are defined as prescribing, administering, or providing a medication to beneficially effect or alleviate one or more symptoms associated with a disease or disorder, or one or more underlying causes of a disease or disorder. NPs may reduce elevated cardiac filling pressures while maintaining adequate systemic blood pressure, and also increase the renal excretion rate of sodium and water while preserving or enhancing renal function. In one aspect, in order to reduce cardiac filling pressures, NP's may reduce blood pressure by about 5 to about 10 mm Hg. Animal studies show that NPs can reduce blood pressure so much that they may pose a risk of hypotension. See Lisy, Ondrej et al., Design, Synthesis, and Actions of a Novel Chimeric Natriuretic Peptide: CDNP, J Am. Coll. Cardiol. 52(1) 60-68 (2008).

In one example, as described herein, CD-NP, a representative NP, was used in clinical trials in order to identify a dose range where CD-NP had a clinical effect without causing undesired hypotension. Similar results could be expected with other NPs because, for example, all NPs may be agonists for the same receptors.

First in Human Clinical Study

In an exemplary human clinical trial with CD-NP (FIH Study, or NIL-CDNP-CT001), CD-NP was dosed in two phases. An open-label, ascending dose phase followed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose confirmation phase conducted in 22 healthy subjects to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and collect preliminary efficacy and safety information. Doses of 10 ng/kg/min, 17.5 ng/kg/min and 25 ng/kg/min were tested in the trial. The MTD was identified as 17.5 ng/kg/min. At 17.5 ng/kg/min, orthostatic hypotension was noted immediately after the infusion in some subjects in both CD-NP and placebo arms, but more events were observed in the CD-NP arm. At 25 ng/kg/min, two out of four subjects experienced symptomatic hypotension in association with orthostatic challenge immediately post-infusion. In the orthostatic challenge, patients were asked to stand quickly while their blood pressure was measured. The test is designed to provide an early signal of a potential hypotension risk.

Exemplary results from the FIH study are shown in FIGS. 2A-2C. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) (equal to [systolic blood pressure +2 X diastolic blood pressure]/3) was measured in the trial. As shown in FIG. 2A, a 25 ng/kg/min dose of CD-NP reduced MAP more than treatment with a placebo. The reduction in blood pressure during CD-NP dosing did not induce symptomatic hypotension. However, as shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C, CD-NP demonstrated an increase in natriuresis, and a trend toward an increase in diuresis. CD-NP administration also led to suppression of aldosterone (not shown). In one aspect, suppression of aldosterone may be correlated to lower mortality rates in heart failure patients. In another aspect, suppression of aldosterone may be correlated to improved renal function, for example, increases in diuresis or natriuresis. Pharmacokinetic data showed that a steady state of natriuretic peptide was achieved within 1-2 hours, and the terminal elimination half-life was approximately 15-20 minutes. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), a secondary messenger of the natriuretic peptide receptor, was shown to increase in the plasma in a dose dependent manner.

Based on the results of this exemplary study, it was determined that a dose of about 17.5 ng/kg/min would likely be safe and tolerable in heart failure patients, and that a dose of about 25 ng/kg/min could potentially cause hypotension.

Maximum Tolerated Dose Clinical Study

Another exemplary clinical study of CD-NP was an open-label, ascending dose clinical study in 20 stable heart failure patients (MTD Study, or NIL-CDNP-CT002). During Day 0 of the study, patients were on their normal medication, furosemide (commonly known as Lasix®, a registered trademark of Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GMBH Corporation). On Day 1 of the study, diuretic and vasoactive medications were withheld and CD-NP was administered to the patients for 24 hours.

Exemplary results of this study are shown in FIGS. 3A-3C. As depicted in FIG. 3C, patients had increased absolute urine volume after administration of CD-NP, indicating increased diuresis. As depicted in FIG. 3B, patients also showed increased renal function, as measured by a reduction in serum creatinine (which relates to an increase in creatinine clearance) and cystatin-C, after their medication was switched from furosemide to CD-NP. These results were achieved at doses of CD-NP between 3 ng/kg/min and 20 ng/kg/min. A 24-hour infusion at doses ranging from 3 ng/kg/min to 20 ng/kg/min was tolerated and an exemplary maximum tolerated dose was identified as about 20 ng/kg/min. Dose escalation was limited by the occurrence of symptomatic hypotension in 2 of 2 patients who received 30 ng/kg/min infusions of CD-NP. In addition, an episode of asymptomatic hypotension occurred at 10 ng/kg/min and an episode of symptomatic hypotension occurred at 20 ng/kg/min of CD-NP. All events were reported as mild or moderate and resolved within 2 hours. IV fluid was administered in one patient who received the 30 ng/kg/min dose.

In this exemplary study, CD-NP caused a dose dependent drop in blood pressure. Placebo was not administered, however each patient's drug response was compared to the patient's baseline measured during Day 0 of the study (i.e., prior to administration of CD-NP). FIG. 3A shows blood pressure drop change in patients dosed at 3 ng/kg/min, 10 ng/kg/min, and 20 ng/kg/min after their medication was switched from furosemide to CD-NP. The 3 ng/kg/min dose produced a reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) of less than 3 mm Hg. The 10 ng/kg/min dose produced a clinically meaningful reduction in blood pressure. In one aspect, the 20 ng/kg/min dose produced a drop in blood pressure that could result in symptomatic hypotension if a patient was given CD-NP and had starting SPB of less than 120 mm Hg, or less than 110 mmHg, or less than 100 mm Hg, or less than 90 mm Hg. Thus, in another aspect, administering CD-NP to a patient with a starting SPB of greater than 90 mm Hg, or greater than 100 mm Hg, or greater than 110 mm Hg, or greater than 120 mm Hg can be performed without lowering the patient's blood pressure below 90 mm Hg, or below 100 mm Hg, or below 110 mm Hg, or below 120 mm Hg. For example, when the patient is stabilized, or for a chronic heart failure patient, as in this study, the dose can be from about 3 ng/kg/min to about 20 ng/kg/min, or about 5 ng/kg/min to about 20 ng/kg/min, or about 10 ng/kg/min to about 17.5 ng/kg/min.

Hemodynamic Monitoring Clinical Study

Another exemplary study using CD-NP was a multi-center, open-label Phase 2 a clinical study of CD-NP in patients hospitalized with acute heart failure requiring hemodynamic monitoring (Hemo Study, or NIL-CDNP-CT003). This study considered the efficacy of 8 hours of intravenous administration of CD-NP on changes in cardiac output and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP, or wedge pressure).

Stabilized acute heart failure patients requiring hemodynamic monitoring, and receiving Standard-of-care heart failure medications (i.e., furosemide infusion), received an initial 8-hour CD-NP infusion followed by a 14-hour washout period, and then a further 8-hour CD-NP infusion. Hemodynamic measurements were collected for an additional 8 hours and safety measurements were collected for a further 2 days.

Patients were enrolled into one of two sequential cohorts (Cohort A and B) which could include up to 10 evaluable patients .in each cohort. Cohort A received 8 hours of 3 ng/kg/min CD-NP, followed by a 14 hour wash-out period, and then 8 hours of 10 ng/kg/min CD-NP. Cohort B received 8 hours of 1 ng/kg/min CD-NP, followed by a 14 hour wash-out period, and then 8 hours of 20 ng/kg/min CD-NP.

FIGS. 4A-4B show blood pressure data from study patients over the course of a 40 hour treatment cycle. The first 2 hours, (−2 to 0) represent time before administration of CD-NP. Hours 0 to 38 represent time during the CD-NP dosing regimen discussed above. FIG. 4A shows the result for patients dosed at 3 ng/kg/min and 10 ng/kg/min. FIG. 4B shows the result for patients dosed at 1 ng/kg/min and 20 ng/kg/min. These results show that CD-NP administration to stabilized patients had a minimal effect on SBP at doses of 1, 3 and 10 ng/kg/min. At the 20 ng/kg/min dose, one patient had a transient dip in SBP below 90 mmHg, which is the level at which asymptomatic hypotension is triggered.

FIGS. 5A-5B show the cardiac benefit of CD-NP administration. FIG. 5A shows that doses of 3 and 10 ng/kg/min appeared to provide a cardiac benefit, as determined by reduction of cardiac filling pressure (wedge change in the Figure). In one aspect, as shown in FIG. 5B, the 1 ng/kg/min dose did not appear to provide any cardiac benefit, because it did not have an effect on cardiac filling pressure. In another aspect, the 20 ng/kg/min dose had a blood pressure effect (FIG. 4b ), but as shown in FIG. 5b , no apparent effect on cardiac filling pressure. Thus, in yet another aspect, the cardiac benefit does not continue to increase with increasing dosage of CD-NP.

FIG. 6 shows the renal benefit of CD-NP administration, as measured by increased urine volume. In a further aspect, when CD-NP is administered at 1 ng/kg/min, the change in urine volume was insignificant Thus, in yet another aspect, administration at 1 ng/kg/min may not produce any renal benefit. As compared to pre-dose urine volume, urine volume of patients dosed at 3 ng/kg/min, increased by 48 mL/hr, and urine volume of patients dosed at 10 ng/kg/min increased by 93 mL/hr. However, patients dosed at 20 ng/kg/min showed an increase in urine volume of only 72 mL/hr. Thus, in another aspect, renal benefit does not continue to increase with increasing dosage.

Surprisingly, the clinical benefit of CD-NP does not continue to increase with increased dosing up to the MDT, nor does the benefit plateau after a threshold level is reached in this exemplary study. Instead, the clinical benefit decreases after a certain threshold that is less than the MDT.

In another aspect, an NP dose range between 3 ng/kg/min and 20 ng/kg/min, or between 3 ng/kg/min and 10 mg/kg/min, or between 3 mg/kg/min and 5 ng/kg/min can be administered to a patient in need of treatment. In another aspect, a dose of about 20 ng/kg/min may indicate a point where the risk of hypotension begins in patients who have a starting SBP of at least 120 mmHg. In yet another aspect, such doses may be safely administered to patients who have a starting SBP of greater than 120 mm Hg. Patients admitted to the hospital, on average, have a starting SBP of 142, with a standard deviation of 32 according to the OPTIMIZE Registry. Only approximately 25% of patients have a starting SBP of less than 120 mmHg. Thus, in a further aspect, a dose up to about 20 ng/kg/min may be appropriate.

CD-NP Dose Selection and Modification

Another exemplary clinical study of CD-NP was a multi-center, open-label, placebo-controlled Phase 2 clinical study of CD-NP in patients hospitalized with acute heart failure with renal dysfunction (Pilot Study, or NIL-CDNP-CT005).

For this study, 5 ng/kg/min of CD-NP was administered to patients for the initial dose. CD-NP dosed at 5 ng/kg/min combined with an IV bolus furosemide dose caused a precipitous drop in blood pressure. Before completion of the treatment period, CD-NP infusion was halted in 2 of 4 patients receiving CD-NP because of symptomatic hypotension. Patient enrollment into the cohort that received 5 mg/kg/min was halted after 4 patients were treated with CD-NP at this dose. The average drop in SBP was 24 mmHg, with a standard deviation of 10 mmHg, as compared to placebo where patients had an average drop in SBP of 13 mmHg, with a standard deviation of 29 mmHg.

In analyzing this result, it should be noted that this study was the first time that CD-NP was dosed in acute heart failure patients within 24 hours of admission. In the Hemo Study, patients were first treated with the standard of care, furosemide infusion, for 1 to 2 days, or 1 day, in order to stabilize the patient. Treatment with furosemide was discontinued before treatment with CD-NP began on day 2-3, or day 2, or day 3, of treatment. When dosed in the first 24 hours upon admission to the hospital, CD-NP was much more potent in acute heart failure patients than expected. In view of the results of the previous studies, this increase in potency was surprising and unexpected.

After analysis of the data, multiple factors potentially contributed to the surprising increased effect of CD-NP in this study. Without being bound by theory, patients admitted to the hospital with heart failure were already taking vasoactive medications such as statins, beta-blockers, oral diuretics, alpha blockers, ACE inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker, calcium channel blockers or a combination of the foregoing. Adding CD-NP to a background that includes a vasoactive medication could have a surprisingly synergistic effect with these or other vaseomedications, thus accentuating the effects of CD-NP.

Without being bound by theory, the timing of CD-NP dosing versus the timing of the last IV bolus dose of furosemide (furosemide also being a vasoactive medication) could have had an impact on the effects of CD-NP dosing. This is important, because furosemide is the standard of care for acute heart failure patients. When administered via IV bolus dose, furosemide causes the kidney to quickly excrete fluid, which may leave the patient in an intravascularly fluid depleted state. This state of intravascular fluid depletion dissipates over time, for example from about 2 to about 4 hours, or about 2 hours, or about 3 hours, or about 4 hours, after administration of the furosemide bolus, as fluid from the tissues is absorbed into the blood stream. Without being bound by theory, a more potent vasoactive effect may be observed if one or more NPs are administered during a state of intravascular fluid depletion.

Although, in hindsight, a possible explanation, which is not intended to be binding, has been offered, these results were still surprising. This is because in previous studies, when CD-NP was co-administered with furosemide to stabilized heart failure patients, CD-NP was well tolerated up to 20 ng/kg/min. However, when CD-NP was co-administered with furosemide in the acute hospital setting to acute heart failure patients, the MTD was only at 3.75 ng/kg/min. In one aspect, when CD-NP is co-administered with furosemide, CD-NP unexpectedly and surprisingly exhibits a 5.3 folds increase in relative potency over that in stabilized or chronic heart failure patients.

Without being bound by theory, this unexpected and surprising potency enhancement may relate to a large intravascular volume shift in acute heart failure patients exposed to both CD-NP and an additional vasoactive medication, such as furosemide. Again, without wishing to be bound by theory, it is also possible that there may be an upregulation of natriuretic peptide receptors in acute heart failure patients that is not present in stabilized or chronic heart failure patients (i.e., patients who have already been treated with furosemide).

The Pilot Study was restarted, testing a CD-NP dose level of 1.25 ng/kg/min. After it was confirmed that CD-NP was safe and tolerable at 1.25 ng/kg/min, the dose was escalated to 2.5 ng/kg/min. After safety was confirmed at 2.5 ng/kg/min, the dose level was raised to 3.75 ng/kg/min. At 3.75, there was a signal of blood pressure reduction that could cause symptomatic hypotension. CD-NP was started within 24 hours after admission to the hospital, and CD-NP was administered continuously for 72 hours.

Exemplary results of this study are presented in FIGS. 7A-7B. FIG. 7A shows the change in SBP from the baseline (before treatment) until the end of the CD-NP infusion. The results presented in FIG. 7A show that dosages as low as 1.25 ng/kg/min provide a clinical benefit, as demonstrated by a lowering of SBP. FIG. 7B shows that a CD-NP dose of 2.5 ng/kg/min may, in some patients, be more desirable than 1.25 ng/kg/min. In particular, SBP increased less rapidly post-infusion after a dose of 2.5 ng/kg/min than after a dose of 1.25 ng/kg/min. While a dose of 3.75 ng/kg/min may bring about some hypotension risk, this dose and higher dosages may still be appropriate for patients whose starting SBP is high.

In one aspect, the 3.75 ng/kg/min dose decreased plasma BNP levels versus placebo. Without being bound by theory, a reduction in BNP levels is believed to correlate to a reduction in heart strain and is also believed to correlate with symptomatic improvement of the patient. As shown in FIGS. 8A-8C, CD-NP administration also provided a renal benefit, as measured by serum creatinine and serum cycstatin-c levels. FIG. 8A shows that creatinine levels increased as compared to a placebo at doses of 1.25 ng/kg/min, 2.5 ng/kg/min, and 3.75 ng/kg/min. Similarly, FIG. 8B shows that cystatin-c levels decreased compared to a placebo at doses of 1.25 ng/kg/min, 2.5 ng/kg/min, and 3.75 ng/kg/min, as depicted. In this Figure, the change in creatinine and cystatin-c levels were dose-dependent.

FIG. 8C shows the change in creatinine clearance (CrC1) for patients given a placebo, and patients treated with CD-NP at doses of 1.25 ng/kg/min, 2.5 ng/kg/min, and 3.75 ng/kg/min. As depicted in this Figure, where increased creatinine clearance is used as a surrogate for renal function, the lowest does, 1.25 ng/kg/min, appears not to effect renal function; the 2.5 ng/kg/min dose appears to improve renal function; and the 3.75 ng/kg/min dose appears to decrease renal function. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that, in this aspect, the 1.25 ng/kg/min dose was insufficient to give a renal benefit, the 2.5 ng/kg/min dose afforded renal benefit, and any renal benefit of the 3.75 ng/kg/min dose was confounded by the large drop in blood pressure.

FIG. 9 shows exemplary results, including adverse effects (AE). According to the data depicted in this Figure, one patient in the study died (from urosepsis), and the rate of rehospitalization for acute heart failure (Rehosp. for acute HF) was low. Risk of hypotension, as determined by an SBP of 95 or less, was dose dependent with no hypotension among patients dosed at 1.25 ng/kg/min, two instances (10%) among patients dosed at 2.5 mg/kg/min, and four instances (40%) among patients dosed at 3.75 mg/kg/min. FIG. 9 also shows the incidence of increases and decreases of serum creatinine (serum Cr in the Figure). Several patients on CD-NP (35% for the 1.25 ng/kg/min dose) had decreases of serum creatinine greater than 0.3 mg/dL, which indicates a clinically relevant improvement in kidney function. No patients receiving the placebo showed this benefit. A few patients, mostly those receiving 3.75 mg/kg/min, showed an increase in serum creatinine levels of more than 0.3 mg/dL, which relates to decreased renal function.

FIGS. 10A-10B show additional exemplary clinical results. Notably, the number of patients who experienced hypotension or a SBP drop to 95 mm Hg or less during the study was very low for patients dosed at 1.25 ng/kg/min and 2.5 ng/kg/min.

In another aspect, when co-administered with one or more vasoactive medications, such as furosemide, statins, beta-blockers, oral diuretics, or alpha blockers, or a combination of the foregoing, a CD-NP dose between about 1 ng/kg/min and about 3.75 ng/kg/min, or between about 1.25 ng/kg/min and about 3.5 ng/kg/min, or between about 1.5 ng/kg/min and about 2.5 ng/kg/min, or about 1.25 ng/kg/min or about 2.5 ng/kg/min, or about 3 ng/kg/min, or about 3.75 ng/kg/min may be appropriate. In yet another aspect, although a dose of between 3 and 5 ng/kg/min might increase the risk of hypotension begins in patients who have a starting SBP of at least 120 mm Hg, dosing at this level may still be appropriate for many patients, for example, patients who have a starting SBP of greater 150 mm Hg, or greater than 140 mm Hg, or greater than 130 mm Hg, or greater than 120 mm Hg.

Thus, by administering the appropriate amount of NP, such as CD-NP, blood SBP may be decreased by 3 mm Hg to 20 mm Hg, or by 5 mm Hg to 15 mm Hg, or by 5 mm Hg to 10 mm Hg.

Dosing Study

In a dosing study, CD-NP was administered to patients with chronic heart failure. The amount of CD-NP administered was either a set amount (in μg/hr) regardless of the patient's weight, or was varied based on the patient's weight.

FIGS. 10A-10B show an exemplary relationship between patient weight and pharmacokinetic (PK) data. In FIG. 10A, the steady state average (SS Avg) serum concentration of CD-NP in pg/mL is plotted against patient weight for patients who received low (18 μg/hr) and medium (24 μg/hr) doses of CD-NP. This Figure shows that the serum concentration of CD-NP at either dose decreases with increasing patient weight. Similarly, FIG. 10B shows that the area under the curve (AUC) decreases with increasing patient weight.

FIG. 11 shows the cardiac benefit of CD-NP under the conditions of this study, as measured by change in SBP. The placebo group had no significant change in SBP over the course of the study. In this Figure, the low dose group (18 μg/hr, or 300 ng/min) gave only a small change in SBP over the 30 hours after dose initiation. The medium dose group (24 μg/hr, or 400 ng/min) showed a clinically significant decrease in SBP. In one aspect, the SBP decrease for doses 24 μg/hr is insufficient to cause a risk of hypotension. The high dose group (36 μg/hr, or 600 ng/min) showed a decrease in SBP that could possibly cause hypotension in patients with starting SBP less than 120 mm Hg, or less than 110 mm Hg, or less than 100 mm Hg, or less than 90 mm Hg. The weight-based group received a dose that depended on the patient's weight. Using PK data, for example the linear fit of data from FIG. 10a , the dose was adjusted to give a predicted serum concentration of 500 pg/mL.

FIG. 12 shows exemplary pharmacokinetic data from the weight-based study. As depicted in FIG. 12, the concentration of CD-NP in serum vs. time after initial dosing for patients on a low dose and a medium dose.

Thus, in one aspect, the therapeutically effective blood concentrations of CD-NP was determined to be, for example, about 200 pg/mL to about 1,200 pg/mL, or about 200 pg/mL to about 1,000 pg/mL, or about 250 pg/mL to about 1,000 pg/mL, or about 300 pg/mL to about 1,000 pg/mL, or about 350 pg/mL to about 800 pg/mL. In another aspect, for many patients, this blood level can be achieved by administering, for example, about 5 μg/hr to about 50 μg/hr, or about 10 μg/hr to about 40 μg/hr, or about 15 μg/hr to about 30 μg/hr, or about 18 μg/hr to about 24 μg/hr.

In one aspect, the serum concentration of an NP, for example CD-NP, after initial administration of, for example, of one of the foregoing doses, may be measured and compared to the one of the previously mentioned therapeutic ranges. In another aspect, depending on the result of the measurement, the dose of NP, for example CD-NP, may be adjusted by increasing, decreasing, or maintaining the dose in order to achieve the desired therapeutic concentration. As a non-limiting example, FIG. 13 shows the application of this method to patients in the trial. In this example, the target blood concentration was 500 pg/mL. Based on the data discussed above (in FIGS. 11 and 12), and the weight of the individual patient, an initial dose of CD-NP was estimated. Then, based on the measured blood concentration, the dose was increased or decreased by the amount specified in the table to achieve the desired concentration.

This result may be used in many practical ways. In one aspect, a dose may be sufficient to give a serum or plasma concentration between about 200 pg/mL and about 1,200 pg/mL, or between about 250 pg/mL and about 1,000 pg/mL, or between about 300 pg/mL and about 900 pg/mL, or between about 350 pg/mL and about 800 pg/mL, or between about 400 pg/mL and about 600 pg/mL, or about 500 pg/mL. In another aspect, when a patient weighs more than 90 kg, then the dose may be increased in order to achieve the desired concentration. For example, for every additional about 10 to about 30 pounds, or about 20 pounds, above about 198 pounds, the dose may be increased by about 1 to about 10 μg/hr, or by about 2 to about 8 μg/hr, or by about 3 to about 6 μg/hr, or by about 4 μg/hr or by about 5 μg/hr. In yet another aspect, for every 10 to 30 pounds, or about 20 pounds, below about 198 pounds, the dose may be decreased. by about 1 to about 10 μg/hr, or by about 2 to about 8 μg/hr, or by about 3 to about μg/hr, or by about 4 μg/hr or by about 5 μg/hr. In still another aspect, if a measured NP concentration, for example CD-NP concentration, is less than about 200 pg/mL, or about 250 pg/mL, or about 300 pg/mL, or about 350 pg/mL, then the dosage may be increased. If a measured NP concentration, for example CD-NP concentration, is greater than about 1,200 pg/mL, about 1,000 pg/mL, or about 800 pg/mL, then the dosage may be decreased or temporarily halted.

In another aspect, a method of treating a patient with heart failure may include determining the weight of the patient, and administering an NP to the patient in a dose. In still another aspect, if the weight of the patient is more than 198 pounds, then the dose, K, in μg/hr, may be

K=O+(D×M)

and if the weight of the patient is less than 198 pounds, then the dose, L, in μg/hr, may be

L=O−(D×M)

wherein O is the dose of NP, in μg/hr, that provides a cardiac benefit to a patient weighing 198 pounds without causing hypotension, and wherein D is the value of S20 rounded to the nearest whole number, and wherein S is the absolute value of (198 -the patient's weight in pounds), and wherein M is between 1 μg/hr and 20 μg/hr. In another aspect, 0 may be about 5 μg/hr to about 50 μg/hr, or about 18 μg/hr to about 25 μg/hr. In a further aspect, M may be about 2 82 g/hr to about 10 μg/hr, or about 2 μg/hr to about 10 μg/hr, or about 3 μg/hr to about 5 μg/hr.

Determining NP concentration, for example, CD-NP concentration, may be accomplished, in one aspect, by monitoring wherein blood is drawn at intervals, such as every 15 min, 30 min, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, 20 hours, 22 hours, daily, biweekly, weekly, etc.

In order to fully appreciate the results discussed here, it is important to recognize that CD-NP is only an exemplary NP. Other NP's could also be administered to achieve similar results.

Delivery of the NP may be by any known route. In one aspect, delivery may be by a route selected from the group consisting of subcutaneous, oral, parenteral, rectal, buccal, vaginal, sublingual, transdermal, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intraathoracic, intracoronary, intrapulmonary, and intranasal. In another aspect, a pump may be used to control the amount of NP delivered over time. In still another aspect, the absorption profile from the subcutaneous tissue compartment into the blood stream may be used to monitor NP, such as CD-NP, delivery in an appropriate dosage, such as the dosages discussed above. A feedback loop to control the external pump may be used by monitoring NP, such as CDNP, concentration and increasing or decreasing the amount of NP administered. Such monitoring, if desired, may occur at regular intervals or at random.

In one aspect, a method of treating a patient with heart failure comprising administering an NP to the patient with a dose in the range of about 1 ng/kg/min to about 5 ng/kg/min, or about 1.25 ng/kg/min to about 3.75 ng/kg/min, or about 1.25 ng/kg/min, or about 2.5 ng/kg/min; or about 3 ng/kg/min to about 20 ng/kg/min or about 10 ng/kg/min to about 17.5 ng/kg/min, or about 5 ng/kg/min; or about 5 μg/hr and about 50 μg/hr, or about 10 μg/hr and about 40 μg/hr, or about 15 μg/hr and about 30 μg/hr, or about 18 μg/hr and about 24 μg/hr is provided. In another aspect, a method of treating a patient with heart failure comprising administering an NP to the patient in an amount sufficient to achieve a serum concentration of NP of about 200 pg/mL to about 1,200 pg/mL, or about 200 pg/mL to about 1,000 pg/mL, or about 250 pg/mL to about 1,000 pg/mL, or about 300 pg/mL to about 1,000 pg/mL, or about 350 pg/mL to about 800 pg/mL is provided.

In yet another aspect, an NP may be administered to a patient having a systolic blood pressure above about 120 mm Hg, or above about 110 mm Hg, or above about 100 mm Hg, or above about 90 mm Hg. Administering an NP to the patient may be in an amount that does not decrease the patient's systolic blood pressure below about 90 mm Hg. In still another aspect, an NP may be administered in an amount sufficient to decrease the systolic blood pressure of the patient by about 2 mm Hg to about 10 mm Hg, or by about 5 to about 10 mm Hg.

Treating heart failure may include any type of heart failure. In one aspect, heart failure may be acute heart failure, acute decompensated heart failure, or chronic heart failure, or some combination of the above.

In an additional aspect, administration of the NP may comprise injection, oral administration, subcutaneous administration, intravenous administration, or intra-arterial administration. In a further aspect, administration of the NP may comprise subcutaneous administration. Administration of the NP may comprise an external pump.

In one aspect, an additional step may comprise monitoring the NP concentration in the serum or plasma by drawing blood from the patient and measuring the concentration of the NP in serum or plasma. Blood may be drawn at regular intervals. In another aspect, the regular intervals are selected from the group consisting of every 15 min, 30 min, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, 20 hours, 22 hours, daily, biweekly, and weekly. In yet another aspect, blood may be drawn at random intervals. In still another aspect, an additional step may include creating a feedback loop by increasing or decreasing the amount of NP administered after measuring the concentration of NP.

A further step of administrating an additional vasoactive medication may be included in yet another aspect. In still another aspect, the additional vasoactive medication may, for example, be administered once per day. In another aspect, the additional vasoactive medication may be, for example, selected from the group consisting of statins, beta-blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker, calcium channel blockers or alpha blockers, or a combination of the foregoing, furosemide, and mixtures thereof. In yet another aspect, the additional vasoactive medication may be furosemide. In another aspect, the additional vasoactive medication may be administered prior to the administration of NP, for example, to stabilize the patient. In a further aspect, the additional vasoactive medications may be administered for at least one day prior to administering an NP to the patient. In an additional aspect, the additional vasoactive medications may be administered for less than one day, or not at all, prior to administering an NP to the patient.

The NP may be administered for a time period. In one aspect, the NP may be administered without interruption for at least 24 hours. In one aspect the dose of NP during the time from about 4 hours before administration of an additional vasoactive medication until about 4 hours after administration of an additional vasoactive medication is lower than the dose of NP during the time from about 4 hours after administration of the additional medication until about four hours before administration of the additional vasoactive medication. In another aspect, the dose of NP during the time from about 2 hours before administration of an additional vasoactive medication until about 4 hours after administration of an additional vasoactive medication is lower than the dose of NP during the time from about 4 hours after administration of an additional medication until about four hours before administration of an additional vasoactive medication. In an additional aspect, administering an NP may further comprise reducing the dose of the NP about 4 hours before administration of an additional vasoactive medication. In other additional aspect, administering an NP may further comprise reducing the dose of the NP about 2 hours before administration of the additional vasoactive medication. In a further aspect, delivery of NP may also be interrupted, or terminated and then restarted, for example, in order to decrease the amount or concentration of NP in the patient's body or for some other reason. In one aspect, the term “reducing the dose” refers to lowering the amount of NP, for example CD-NP, in an amount sufficient that the risk of hypotension. In another aspect, “reducing the dose” means lowering the dose by about 1 ng/kg/min to about 10 ng/kg/min, or by about 2 ng/kg/min to about 8 ng/kg/min, or by about 4 ng/kg/min to about 6 ng/kg/min, or by about 0.5 ng/kg/min to about 1 mg/kg/min, or by about 0.25 ng/kg/min, or by about 0.5 ng/kg/min, or by about 1 ng/kg/min, or by about 1.5 ng/kg/min, or by about 2 ng/kg/min, or by about 2.5 ng/kg/min, or by about 3 ng/kg/min. In a further aspect, the NP may not be administered to the patient until about 24 hours, or about 36 hours, or about 48 hours, or about 72 hours, after admission of a patient to a hospital. In another aspect, the NP may be delivered to the patient beginning about one day after admission to a hospital and administration of the NP may continue for up to about 180 days after admission to the hospital.

The NP may be any NP. In one aspect, the NP may be elected from the group consisting of CD-NP, atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, C-type natriuretic peptide, BD-NP, and CU-NP. In another aspect, NP may be CD-NP.

This description explains and supports many novel and unobvious contributions to the art, yet the description is not intended to be limiting. Instead, the bods of protection sought are to be limited only by the claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating a patient with heart failure comprising administering an NP to the patient in a dose range of about 1 ng/kg/min to about 20 ng/kg/min.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the dose range is about 1 ng/kg/min to about 10 ng/kg/min.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the dose range is about 1 ng/kg/min to about 7.5 ng/kg/min.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the dose range is about 1 ng/kg/min to about 5 ng/kg/min.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the dose range is about 1.25 ng/kg/min to about 3.75 ng/kg/min.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the dose is about 1.25 ng/kg/min.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the dose is about 2.5 ng/kg/min.
 8. The method of claim 5, wherein the dose is about 3 ng/kg/min.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the heart failure is selected from the group consisting of acute heart failure, decompensated heart failure, and chronic heart failure.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of administering an additional vasoactive medication.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the additional vasoactive medication is selected from the group consisting of statins, beta-blockers, diuretics, alpha blockers, ACE inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker, calcium channel blockers, furosemide, and mixtures thereof.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the NP is selected from the group consisting of CD-NP, atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, C-type natriuretic peptide, urodilatin, BD-NP, CU-NP, and mixtures thereof.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the NP is CD-NP.
 14. A method of treating a patient with heart failure, the method comprising: determining the weight of the patient; and administering an NP in a dose; wherein, if the weight of the patient is more than 198 pounds, then the dose, K, in units of μg/hr, is determined by the following formula: K=O+(D×M) and wherein if the weight of the patient is less than 198 pounds, then the dose, K, in units of μg/hr, is determined by the following formula: K=O−(D×M) wherein O is an amount of NP, in μg/hr, sufficient to treat heart failure in a 198 pounds without causing hypotension, and wherein D is the value of S20 rounded to the nearest whole number, and wherein S is the absolute value of (198-the patient's weight in pounds); and wherein M is between 1 μg/hr and 20 μg/hr.
 15. The method of claim 14 wherein O is about 5 μg/hr to about 50 μg/hr.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the NP is selected from the group consisting of CD-NP, atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, C-type natriuretic peptide, urodilatin, BD-NP, CU-NP, and mixtures thereof.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the NP is CD-NP.
 18. A method of treating a patient with heart failure, comprising administering an NP in an amount sufficient to achieve a concentration of NP of about 200 pg/mL to about 1,200 pg/mL in the serum or plasma.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the NP is CD-NP.
 20. The method of claim 19, further comprising administering an additional vasoactive medication. 